Congratulations Dr Ben Phạm on your significant publication about Vietnamese children's speech

Today Dr Ben Phạm's journal article was published in the Journal of Speech, Language, Hearing Research. The 26-page article is titled: Vietnamese-Speaking Children's Acquisition of Consonants, Semivowels, Vowels, and Tones in Northern Viet Nam. It is the most comprehensive study of Vietnamese children's speech ever undertaken, and longer than most JSLHR papers. It will influence the education and speech therapy professions in Viet Nam, as well as speech-language pathology practice throughout the world.

 Here are a series of summary tweets I just posted about Dr Phạm's work

Tweet 1:
Just published: First comprehensive study of Vietnamese-speaking children's acquisition of consonants, semivowels, vowels, and tones. Congratulations Dr Ben Phạm on your contribution to the education and speech therapy professions in Viet Nam @TrinhTFA https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-17-0405

Tweet 2:
Vietnamese-speaking 2-year-olds produce correctly: 46% consonants, 92% vowels, 91% tones; 5-year-olds: 93% consonants, 98% vowels, 96% tones. Most difficult: /ɲ, s, z, x/, tone 3 (creaky), tone 4 (dipping–rising). https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-17-0405

Tweet 3:
Vietnamese children (aged 2;0-5;11) were “usually” to “always” intelligible (4.43/5) on the Intelligibility in Context Scale. Scores differed by child age, parent speech and language concerns, occupation and education. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02699206.2017.1306110 http://www.csu.edu.au/research/multilingual-speech/ics

Tweet 4:
Western calendar age (tuổi tây) is different from Vietnamese age (tuổi ta) that is calculated by the lunar year and includes time in the womb. Children may be 1–2 years older using #Vietnamese age (Phạm & McLeod, 2019, p.6) https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-17-0405

Tweet 5:
Vietnamese pronunciation differs per dialect
Initial consonants: Standard=23, northern=20, central=23, southern=21
Final consonants: Standard=6, northern=10, central=10, southern=8
Tones: Standard=6, northern=6, central=5, southern=5
https://doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2015.1101162

Here is the abstract:

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate children's acquisition of Vietnamese speech sounds.
Method Participants were 195 children aged 2;2–5;11 (years;months) living in Northern Viet Nam who spoke Vietnamese as their 1st language. Single-word samples were collected using the Vietnamese Speech Assessment (Phạm, Le, & McLeod, 2016) to measure accuracy of consonants, semivowels, vowels, and tones.  
Results Percentage of consonants correct for children aged 2;0–2;5 was 46.39 (SD = 7.95) and increased to 93.13 (SD = 6.13) for children aged 5;6–5;11. The most difficult consonants were /ɲ, s, z, x/. Percentage of semivowels correct for children aged 2;0–2;5 was 70.74 (SD = 14.38) and increased to 99.60 (SD = 1.55) for children aged 5;6–5;11. Percentage of vowels correct for children aged 2;0–2;5 was 91.93 (SD = 3.13) and increased to 98.11 (SD = 2.79) for children aged 5;6–5;11. Percentage of tones correct for children aged 2;0–2;5 was 91.05 (SD = 1.42) and increased to 96.65 (SD = 3.42) for children aged 5;6–5;11. Tones 1, 2, 5, and 6 were acquired by the youngest age group, whereas Tone 3 (creaky thanh ngã) and Tone 4 (dipping–rising thanh hỏi) did not achieve 90% accuracy by the oldest age group. Common phonological patterns (> 10%) were fronting, stopping, deaspiration, aspiration, and semivowel deletion for children aged 2;0–3;11 and were fronting and deaspiration for children aged 4;0–5;11.  
Conclusion This is the 1st comprehensive study of typically developing Northern Vietnamese children's speech acquisition and provides preliminary data to support the emerging speech-language pathology profession in Viet Nam.

Ceremony in Vietnam for Australia Awards scholarship beneficiaries

This week Dr Ben Phạm was welcomed home by the Australian Ambassador to Vietnam, His Excellency Mr Craig Chittick at a ceremony for the Australia Awards scholarship beneficiaries.

Dr Ben Phạm with the Australian Ambassador to Vietnam, His Excellency Mr Craig Chittick 

The CSU News story about Ben's PhD is here.
Ben's web profile  at Hanoi National University of Education is here.
Additionally this week Ben was appointed an Adjunct Research Fellow at Charles Sturt University for the next 3 years.

Congratulations again Dr Phạm! 

Congratulations Dr Phạm on your graduation

Today Dr Ben Phạm graduated with her PhD from Charles Sturt University. Her dissertation was titled "Children’s acquisition of consonants, semivowels, vowels, and tones in Northern Viet Nam". Details about her PhD and resulting publications are here.

Ben received an Australia Awards scholarship to undertake her PhD in 2014 and we have had a wonderful 4 years together.

Ben has returned to Vietnam to apply her new knowledge but will continue collaborating with members of the SLM Team and on our VietSpeech grant.

Congratulations Dr Phạm on all you have achieved and the influence your work has and will make throughout the world.

The CSU media release about her graduation is here.

Dr Suzanne Hopf, Dr Ben Pham, Prof Sharynne McLeod

Congratulations Ben

Yesterday Ben Pham learned that her thesis was approved for graduation. This is a wonderful achievement. Here are the details of her PhD: https://speakingmylanguages.blogspot.com/2018/06/ben-phams-phd-submission.html
Her PhD title and synopsis are below:

Children's acquisition of consonants, semivowels, vowels, and tones in Northern Viet Nam 
The speech acquisition of 195 Northern Vietnamese preschool children was examined. Children acquired vowels and tones before they acquired semivowels and consonants. Next, 181  children were found to be usually intelligible, even to strangers. The Vietnamese Speech Assessment and Intelligibility in Context Scale were introduced and validated. This thesis provides emerging evidence for professionals to identify Vietnamese-speaking children with speech sound disorders.

Here is the link to her thesis: https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/en/publications/childrens-acquisition-of-consonants-semivowels-vowels-and-tones-i
Congratulations Ben!

Goodbye Ben

Today Ben Phạm left Australia to return to Viet Nam after living in Bathurst for the past 4 years. She submitted her PhD recently and her Australia Awards scholarship has ended. Our team has really enjoyed getting to know Ben and her family and we wish them all the best for the future.

Ben Phạm's PhD submission

Today Ben Phạm submitted her PhD. Four years ago she was awarded an Australian Awards scholarship to move to Australia to undertake her PhD. Her dissertation titled "Children’s acquisition of consonants, semivowels, vowels, and tones in Northern Viet Nam" is the culmination of her hard work and dedication. I am very proud to have been her supervisor and wish her all the best for her examination. Ben was also supervised by A/Prof Jane McCormack during the first year and Prof Linda Harrison.

Her PhD includes the following publications:

• PAPER 1: Phạm, B. & McLeod, S. (2016). Consonants, vowels and tones across Vietnamese dialects. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(2), 122-134. doi:10.3109/17549507.2015.1101162.
• PAPER 2: Phạm, B. & McLeod, S. (2017, in press). Tone languages and communication disorders. In M. J. Ball & J. S. Damico (Eds.), Encyclopedia of human communication science and disorders. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• PAPER 3: Phạm, B., McLeod, S., & Le, X. T. T. (2016). Development of the Vietnamese Speech Assessment. Journal of Clinical Practice in Speech-Language Pathology, 18(3), 126-130.
• PAPER 4: Phạm, B. & McLeod, S. (2017). Vietnamese-speaking children’s acquisition of consonants, semivowels, vowels, and tones in Northern Viet Nam. Manuscript in submission.
• PAPER 5: Phạm, B., McLeod, S., & Harrison, L. J. (2017). Validation and norming of the Intelligibility in Context Scale in Northern Viet Nam. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 31(7-9), 665-681. doi:10.1080/02699206.2017.1306110.

Ben, Ninh and Sharynne submitting her PhD online

Dr Audrey Wang, Ben Pham and Prof Sharynne McLeod

Overjoyed!

Ben submitting her PhD thesis to Associate Dean Research Peter Simmons

Here is the abstract:

The purpose of this doctoral research was to describe the speech acquisition of typically-developing Northern Vietnamese-speaking children. To achieve this overarching purpose, five aims were addressed: (1) to identify the consonants, semivowels, vowels/diphthongs, and tones of the Northern dialect compared with the Standard, Central, and Southern dialects of Vietnamese, (2) to present an overview of tone languages, (3) to develop a speech assessment to elicit speech samples from Vietnamese-speaking children, (4) to investigate children’s acquisition of Northern Vietnamese phonemes (speech accuracy, phoneme acquisition, non-adult realisations, and phonological patterns/processes), and (5) to investigate Northern Vietnamese-speaking children’s intelligibility. 

This doctoral research contained two parts and was presented in nine chapters, five of which were publications (one encyclopaedia entry and four journal articles). Part 1 included three comprehensive literature reviews. The first provided a review of phonological differences in the Northern Vietnamese dialect in comparison with the Standard, Central, and Southern Vietnamese dialects (Paper 1). The second provided an overview of tone languages (Paper 2). The third reviewed policy and literature about Vietnamese education and the speech-language pathology profession.

Part 2 commenced with a review of definitions of typical speech acquisition, phonological theories, and research design and methods for studying speech acquisition that informed the methodology of this doctoral research. Paper 3 described the conceptualisation and operationalisation of the Vietnamese Speech Assessment (VSA, Phạm, Le, & McLeod, 2016) used to elicit speech samples during data collection. The main findings of this doctoral research were presented in Papers 4 and 5.

Paper 4 described speech acquisition of 195 typically developing Northern Vietnamese children aged 2;2-5;11 years. Relational analyses were used to measure speech accuracy, phoneme acquisition, non-adult realisations, and phonological patterns/processes that resulted in four main findings. First, the accuracy scores of consonants, semivowels, vowels, and tones for Northern Vietnamese-speaking children were higher as age increased demonstrating the improvement of speech production accuracy with age. Second, by the age of 5;5-5;11, these Northern Vietnamese-speaking children had acquired all Vietnamese consonants, semivowels, vowels, and tones, with the exception of the initial-syllable consonants /ɲ, s, z, x/, the within syllable semivowel /w/, tone 3 (creaky thanh ngã), and tone 4 (dipping-rising thanh hỏi). Third, typical non-adult realisations of Northern Vietnamese consonants, semivowels, and tones were identified and variability of non-adult productions decreased in the older age groups. Fourth, common phonological patterns for younger children were fronting, stopping, deaspiration, aspiration, and semivowel deletion, and for older children were fronting and deaspiration. The children’s age and maternal education but not sex were found to influence the children’s speech accuracy. 

Paper 5 described parent-reported data regarding intelligibility of 181 Northern Vietnamese-speaking children aged 2;0-5;11 years and included validation of the Intelligibility in Context Scale: Vietnamese (ICS-VN, McLeod, Harrison, & McCormack, 2012). The mean ICS-VN score of Northern Vietnamese-speaking children was 4.43 (out of maximum 5.00) indicating that these children were “usually” to “always” intelligible. The ICS-VN scores were rated as significantly different between communication partners (higher ICS scores for family members and lower for strangers) and between children whose parents were and were not concerned about their speech and language skills (higher ICS scores for children with no concern). Additionally, factors significantly influencing the ICS-VN scores of Northern Vietnamese-speaking children were children’s age, parents’ occupation level, and mothers’ educational level but not children’s sex or fathers’ educational level.

The findings of this doctoral research provide emerging evidence about Northern Vietnamese-speaking children’s typical speech acquisition to inform policy and practice regarding the Vietnamese Government’s Developmental Standard 15 “Trẻ biết sử dụng lời nói để giao tiếp” (The child uses speech to communicate), Item 65 “Nói rõ ràng” (To speak clearly) and Item 70 “Kể về một sự việc hoặc hiện tượng nào đó để người khác hiểu được” (To narrate an event or a fact intelligibly to others). The findings also provide emerging evidence for professionals in Viet Nam and other countries to assist with the identification of children with speech sound disorders. The doctoral research introduces and validates two assessment tools (VSA and ICS-VN) for clinical and research use with Northern Vietnamese-speaking children. The study presented in this doctoral research is aligned with other international studies about speech acquisition providing a reference for future researchers in Viet Nam.